{"id":48127,"date":"2014-04-02T22:04:04","date_gmt":"2014-04-03T02:04:04","guid":{"rendered":"\/news\/?p=48127"},"modified":"2014-04-02T22:05:21","modified_gmt":"2014-04-03T02:05:21","slug":"when-do-humans-begin-to-feel-pain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/when-do-humans-begin-to-feel-pain\/","title":{"rendered":"When do humans begin to feel pain?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><div id=\"attachment_12370\" style=\"width: 209px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12370\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12370\" alt=\"20-weeks-human-fetus\" src=\"\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/20-weeks-human-fetus-199x300.jpg\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/20-weeks-human-fetus-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/20-weeks-human-fetus-681x1024.jpg 681w, https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/20-weeks-human-fetus.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-12370\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Human fetus at 20 weeks.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The U.S. House Of Representatives recently passed a bill that would restrict abortions starting at 20 weeks after fertilization, or the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.justfacts.com\/abortion.asp#Science\">stage of development<\/a>\u00a0shown in the picture on the right. Formally called the \u201cPain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act,\u201d the legislation has stirred debate over when humans begin to feel pain. The act\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/clerk.house.gov\/evs\/2013\/roll251.xml\">passed<\/a>\u00a0with 97% of Republicans voting for it, and 97% of Democrats voting against it. President Obama has issued a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/omb\/legislative\/sap\/113\/saphr1797r_20130617.pdf\">veto threat<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The bill\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/docs.house.gov\/billsthisweek\/20130617\/CPRT-113-HPRT-RU00-HR1797_xml.pdf\">states<\/a>\u00a0\u201cthere is substantial medical evidence that an unborn child is capable of experiencing pain at least by 20 weeks after fertilization, if not earlier.\u201d However, Dr. Stuart Derbyshire, the director of Pain Imaging at the U.K.\u2019s University of Birmingham and a frequently cited authority on this issue,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/02\/10\/magazine\/10Fetal-t.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0\">has affirmed<\/a>\u00a0that humans cannot truly feel pain until one year after birth. Contrastingly, Dr. Maureen Condic, an associate professor of neurobiology and anatomy at the University of California, Berkeley,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lozierinstitute.org\/testimony-of-maureen-condic-ph-d-on-dc-pain-capable-unborn-child-protection-act\/\">recently testified<\/a>\u00a0before a congressional subcommittee that humans feel pain \u201cin some capacity\u201d starting \u201cfrom as early as 8 weeks of development.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>In sorting out these conflicting assertions and others on the continuum between them, there are certain\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.justfacts.com\/abortion.asp#Science\">scientific facts<\/a>\u00a0about human development that provide a basic foundation for understanding this issue:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the 6th and 7th weeks after fertilization, the brain\u2019s \u201ccerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are developing.\u201d [<em>Gray&#8217;s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery<\/em>]<\/li>\n<li>By 7 weeks, pain \u201csensory receptors appear in the perioral [mouth] area.\u201d [<em>New England Journal of Medicine<\/em>]<\/li>\n<li>By 10 weeks, \u201cAll components of the brain and spinal cord are formed, and nerves link the stem of the brain and the spinal cord to all tissues and organs of the body.\u201d [<em>Encyclopedia of Human Biology<\/em>]<\/li>\n<li>By 12 weeks, \u201cthe fetus sucks its thumb, kicks, makes fists and faces, and has the beginnings of baby teeth.\u201d [<em>Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications<\/em>]<\/li>\n<li>By 14 weeks, \u201cLimb movements, which occur at the end of the embryonic period (8 weeks), become coordinated\u2026.\u201d [<em>Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects<\/em>]<\/li>\n<li>By 16 weeks, \u201cEye movements begin.\u201d [<em>Embryology: Board Review Series<\/em>]<\/li>\n<li>By 18 weeks, pain sensory receptors spread to \u201call cutaneous [skin] and mucous surfaces\u2026.\u201d [<em>New England Journal of Medicine<\/em>]<\/li>\n<li>By 20 weeks, the fetus \u201cnow sleeps and wakes and hears sounds.\u201d [<em>American Medical Association Complete Medical Encyclopedia<\/em>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Additionally, evidence from the burgeoning field of fetal surgery has shown that preborn humans react to physical provocations (like being jabbed with a needle) in the same ways as children and adults, which includes releasing stress hormones, shunting blood to the brain, and pulling away from the source of the provocation. Per a<a href=\"http:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/338146\">\u00a02012 paper<\/a>\u00a0in the journal\u00a0<em>Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy<\/em>, \u201cA physiological fetal reaction to painful stimuli occurs from between 16 and 24 weeks\u2019 gestation on.\u201d Likewise, a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/anesthesiology\/Fulltext\/2001\/10000\/Effect_of_Direct_Fetal_Opioid_Analgesia_on_Fetal.8.aspx\">2001 paper<\/a>\u00a0in the journal\u00a0<em>Anesthesiology<\/em>\u00a0explains that \u201cthe human fetus from 18-20 weeks elaborates pituitary-adrenal, sympatho-adrenal, and circulatory stress responses to physical insults.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Taken together, the facts above would seem to imply that by 20 weeks or earlier, humans have the capacity to feel pain. However, some scientists have argued otherwise using two main lines of reasoning. Both of these have critical flaws.<\/p>\n<p>The first argument centers upon the development of the cerebral cortex, which is the portion of the brain associated with functions such as reasoning, language, and memory. In the words of a panel convened by the U.K.\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rcog.org.uk\/files\/rcog-corp\/RCOGFetalAwarenessWPR0610.pdf\">Royal College of Obstetricians &amp; Gynecologists<\/a>, the cortex is essential to \u201cperception or awareness,\u201d and therefore, a connection from the body\u2019s pain receptors to the \u201ccortex is necessary for pain perception.\u201d Since these connections \u201care not intact before 24 weeks of gestation,\u201d the \u201cfetus cannot experience pain in any sense prior to this gestation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This issue gets complicated, but in short, there may well be communication between the body\u2019s pain receptors and the cortex long before 24 weeks; it\u2019s just that the connections and cortex are not fully developed. As explained in a<a href=\"http:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/338146\">\u00a02012 paper<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<em>Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy<\/em>, \u201cFrom 16 weeks\u2019 gestation pain transmission from a peripheral [pain] receptor to the cortex is possible and completely developed from 26 weeks\u2019 gestation.\u201d Per correspondence with an author of this paper, these developmental milestones (16 weeks and 26 weeks) are measured from the last menstrual period, which\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.justfacts.com\/abortion.asp#Science\">equates to<\/a>\u00a014 weeks and 24 weeks after fertilization.<\/p>\n<p>Far more importantly, the claim that the cortex is essential to \u201cperception or awareness\u201d has been undercut by recent research, which has shown that children born with little or no functional cortical tissue (a condition called hydranencephaly) do, in fact, have perception and awareness. Although the cortex is commonly called the \u201corgan of consciousness,\u201d a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=1007572&amp;fulltextType=RA&amp;fileId=S0140525X07000891\">2006 paper<\/a>\u00a0in the journal<em>Behavioral and Brain Sciences<\/em>\u00a0has shown that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cAn infant born with hydranencephaly may initially present no conspicuous symptoms,\u201d and \u201coccasionally the condition is not diagnosed until several months postnatally, when developmental milestones are missed.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>These children are not only awake and often alert, but show responsiveness to their surroundings in the form of emotional or orienting reactions to environmental events\u2026. They express pleasure by smiling and laughter, and aversion by \u2018fussing,\u2019 arching of the back and crying (in many gradations), their faces being animated by these emotional states. \u2026 The children respond differentially to the voice and initiatives of familiars, and show preferences for certain situations and stimuli over others, such as a specific familiar toy, tune, or video program\u2026.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cThe evidence and functional arguments reviewed in this article are not easily reconciled with an exclusive identification of the cerebral cortex as the medium of conscious function. \u2026 The tacit consensus concerning the cerebral cortex as the \u2018organ of consciousness\u2019 would thus have been reached prematurely, and may in fact be seriously in error.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In summarizing the above evidence along with other facts relevant to this issue, a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org\/AM\/TemplateRedirect.cfm?template=\/CM\/ContentDisplay.cfm&amp;Section=Clinical_Updates&amp;ContentID=15390\">2006 article<\/a>\u00a0in<em>Pain: Clinical\u00a0<\/em>Updates states, \u201cMultiple lines of evidence thus corroborate that the key mechanisms of consciousness or conscious sensory perception are not dependent on cortical activity. Consistent with this evidence, the responses to noxious stimulation of children with hydranencephaly are purposeful, coordinated, and similar to those of intact children.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The second argument, as articulated by the Royal College of Obstetricians &amp; Gynecologists (RCOG), is that \u201cthe fetus never experiences a state of true wakefulness\u00a0<em>in utero<\/em>\u00a0and is kept, by the presence of its chemical environment, in a continuous sleep-like unconsciousness or sedation.\u201d Ten pages into RCOG\u2019s study, it is disclosed that this conclusion is \u201cderived largely from observations of fetal lambs.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Opposing that line of evidence are studies of humans that have found conscious, deliberate behaviors from as early as 14 weeks gestation. Revealingly, in a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013199\">2010 study<\/a>\u00a0published in the journal\u00a0<em>PLoS ONE<\/em>, a cross-disciplinary team of scientists used 4-D ultrasound to record and scrutinize the interactions of preborn twins. They found that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cStarting from the 14th week of gestation twin fetuses plan and execute movements specifically aimed at the co-twin.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>These \u201cearly contacts do not occur accidentally, but reflect motor planning.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cThese findings force us to predate the emergence of social behavior\u2026.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>An article in the journal\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/news.sciencemag.org\/sciencenow\/2010\/10\/scienceshot-social-life-starts-in.html\">Science<\/a><\/em>\u00a0summarized the study as follows: \u201cThe findings suggest that twin fetuses are aware of their counterparts in the womb and prefer to interact with them.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In summary, the scientific evidence converges upon the conclusion that preborn humans can feel pain from 20 weeks after fertilization or earlier. While this does not rise to the level of 100% certainty, it rests upon factually solid ground.<\/p>\n<p><em>The article originally\u00a0appeared\u00a0at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.justfactsdaily.com\/obamas-mandate-imposes-his-views-on-all-americans\" target=\"_blank\">JustFacts<\/a> and is reprinted with permission.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The U.S. House Of Representatives recently passed a bill that would restrict abortions starting at 20 weeks after fertilization, or the\u00a0stage of development\u00a0shown in the picture on the right. Formally called the \u201cPain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act,\u201d the legislation has stirred debate over when humans begin to feel pain. The act\u00a0passed\u00a0with 97% of Republicans voting [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":240,"featured_media":12370,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>When do humans begin to feel pain? - Live Action News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/when-do-humans-begin-to-feel-pain\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"When do humans begin to feel pain? - Live Action News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The U.S. House Of Representatives recently passed a bill that would restrict abortions starting at 20 weeks after fertilization, or the\u00a0stage of development\u00a0shown in the picture on the right. Formally called the \u201cPain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act,\u201d the legislation has stirred debate over when humans begin to feel pain. 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