{"id":246270,"date":"2021-06-02T18:55:22","date_gmt":"2021-06-02T23:55:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.liveaction.org\/news\/?p=246270"},"modified":"2021-06-02T17:04:43","modified_gmt":"2021-06-02T22:04:43","slug":"aborted-children-ernest-hemingway","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/aborted-children-ernest-hemingway\/","title":{"rendered":"The aborted children of Ernest Hemingway"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

(The Bridgehead<\/a>) Few novelists have had their [lives] examined like Ernest Hemingway, but the most celebrated writer since Mark Twain finally got the Ken Burns treatment on PBS last month. The three-part series covers the now-familiar story without much additional detail; his childhood in Oak Park, Illinois; his service with the Red Cross in Italy in World War I; Paris with his first wife, Hadley Richardson; his career as a novelist and journalist with three more wives\u2014Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gellhorn, and Mary Welsh. The fishing expeditions, African safaris, and the Spanish Civil War and World War II are all covered in depth, and the violence feels like a foreshadowing as Burns documents his descent into mental illness and alcoholism.<\/p>\n

Hemingway\u2019s spare sentences and \u201ciceberg theory\u201d\u2014the idea that the deeper meaning of a story should be implicit rather than explicit\u2014revolutionized American literature. So, in many ways, did the crude language and explicit themes that he often relished exploring with his modernist comrades, which debased his genius. His mother Grace put it well in a letter to him in 1926 after the publication of his first novel, The Sun Also Rises<\/em>. Many had praised the work, she wrote. \u201cBut the decent ones regret that you should use such great gifts to so degraded a strata of humanity\u2026what is the matter? Have you ceased to be interested in loyalty, nobility, honor and fineness of life?\u2026If you are going through domestic disillusionment or drink has got you\u2014throw off the shackles of these conditions and rise to be the man and the writer God meant you to be.\u201d<\/p>\n

Grace Hemingway struck closer to home than she realized. Ernest would abandon his first wife and their son \u201cBumby\u201d (whom he would remain close to) the following year, and heavy drinking would degrade his writing, exacerbate his mental illness, and eventually contribute to his suicide.<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0Abortion was a tool for men in classic Hollywood to cover up sexual assault<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

That same year, 1927, Hemingway would publish one of his most powerful short stories, Hills Like White Elephants<\/em>. Set at a train station in Spain, the entire story constitutes a conversation in which an American tries to persuade his girlfriend to get an abortion while they wait for the train to Madrid. The word abortion is never mentioned. The two have drinks while the man tells \u201cJig\u201d to have an operation, dismissing its seriousness and arguing that it would be a simple matter. Jig wonders what will happen if she has the procedure; the man assures her that it will fix all their problems. He won\u2019t force her, but he thinks the operation would be best. Jig says she\u2019ll get the procedure so long as he will still love her and stay with her afterwards.<\/p>\n

He promises that he cares for her deeply; Jig wonders, while staring at the scenery and the hills that look like white elephants, if they could ever be truly happy afterwards. The two debate this at length, and finally Jig begs him to stop talking. They finish their beers and board the train. It was a masterpiece filled with what Hemingway longed to write the most\u2013\u201ctrue sentences.\u201d<\/p>\n

Female literary critics point to the dialogue in this story as evidence that Hemingway could, in fact, \u201cwrite women.\u201d Jig\u2019s frustration as the man attempts to manipulate her into an abortion she obviously does not want (and critics disagree on whether the story concludes with her decision to get one or not) is a conversation unfortunately familiar to legions of women. Hemingway immortalized a conversation not just of that time, but of all times\u2014of a man desperately attempting to avoid responsibility, trying to persuade a woman who is already a mother that she is not yet a mother, and promising that by removing the baby they can be happy once again and everything will be as it was. It is, of course, a lie. There are no happy endings to abortion stories.<\/p>\n

Hemingway\u2019s biographers caution against reading too much autobiography into Hills Like White Elephants<\/em>, but Ernest\u2019s life, too, was scarred by abortion. How many of his children died at the hands of abortionists? It is hard to say, not least because, as Hemingway\u2019s character Robert Cohn noted in the original typescript of The Sun Also Rises<\/em>, the writers of the Lost Generation \u201clived in an atmosphere of abortions and rumors of abortions,\u201d a macabre paraphrase of the King James Version\u2019s Matthew 24:6 that indicates Hemingway\u2019s fundamentally Christian cultural context. Sexual liberation came at a cost, and that cost was paid by the children often conceived in casual coital encounters.<\/p>\n

There appears to be some conflict between Hemingway\u2019s biographers on this point. In his 1992 Hemingway: The Paris Years<\/em>, Michael Reynolds writes that abortions were not hard to procure in Paris, but that when Hemingway complained to his friends that Hadley was pregnant for a second time (it proved to be a false alarm), one of them told him to shut up and either \u201cdo something about not having it, or you have it.\u201d But according to Reynolds, \u201ca boy raised in Oak Park did not easily accept that solution.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hemingway himself frequently used the term \u201cabortion\u201d as negative descriptor. During he and Pauline Pfeiffer\u2019s separation in the 1920s\u2014a parting imposed by his first wife Hadley, who said she would grant Hemingway a divorce if nothing had changed by the end of it\u2014he wrote to her that \u201cwhen two people love each other terribly much and need each other in every way and then go away from each other it works almost as bad as an abortion.\u201d He also used the word to describe a particularly awful war experience. The word clearly had an ugly connotation for Hemingway.<\/p>\n

However, Jeffrey Meyers, author of the gargantuan 1984 Hemingway: A Biography<\/em>, penned an essay<\/a> in 1999 stating that both Hemingway\u2019s first and second wives\u2014Hadley and Pauline\u2014\u201chad abortions when Hemingway did not want another child,\u201d and that he had been compelled to keep many such details secret until a number of Hemingway associates and family members had died. Meyers cites these events as a certainty rather than as a point of speculation.<\/p>\n

Ruth Hawkins, author of Unbelievable Happiness and Final Sorrow: The Hemingway-Pfeiffer Marriage<\/em>(published in 2012) also believed that Pauline, a Catholic, may have had an abortion. As Hawkins noted in an interview with The Hemingway Project<\/a>:<\/p>\n

The idea that Pauline may have had an abortion early in her relationship with Hemingway came as a surprise to me.\u00a0 I had a typist transcribing all of the correspondence between Ernest, Pauline, and the various Pfeiffers so that I would have a searchable database. \u00a0As soon as she finished the section on the 100 days separation, she came to me and said, \u201cWhen did Pauline have this abortion they keep referring to?\u201d\u00a0 She just assumed it to be common knowledge.\u00a0 When I read the letters all together, I began to think that maybe there really was something to all the collective references to surgical operations, abortion analogies, getting healthy again, etc.\u00a0 As I conducted my research, there seemed to be many other references to support this\u2014Pauline\u2019s sudden mood change during the trip with Hadley and Virginia through the Loire Valley (possibly when she learned she was pregnant), Hadley\u2019s comments about Pauline looking so forlorn at Cap d\u2019Antibes (possibly right after the abortion), and Hemingway\u2019s short story \u201cHills Like White Elephants,\u201d which deals with abortion and was presented to Pauline on their honeymoon.<\/em><\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0A look back at the sexual abuse allegations that shook the abortion industry<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

While several Hemingway biographers mention potential abortions with his first two wives, Hemingway\u2019s most comprehensive biographer to date\u2014Mary Dearborn\u2014does not. In fact, she cites evidence that seems to contradict this. During Ernest\u2019s falling-out with his younger sister Carol over her marriage to Jack Gardner in the 1930s, Ernest accused her\u2014baselessly\u2014of saving money for an abortion. According to Dearborn: \u201cHe believed, he told her, that abortion was \u2018murder,\u2019 not for religious but \u2018biological\u2019 reasons. Interfering with pregnancy would be bad for her \u2018spirit.\u2019 Had Hadley or Pauline had an abortion, Jack, Patrick, and Gregory would have been \u2018murdered.\u2019\u201d This seems a strange thing for Hemingway to write in private correspondence if Hadley and Pauline had, as several of his biographers have said, undergone abortions.<\/p>\n

Hemingway\u2019s biographers agree, however, that his third wife, journalist Martha Gellhorn, did abort a child that she and Ernest had conceived together. Dearborn writes that Hemingway badly wanted a daughter, and probably didn\u2019t realize when he married Martha that she couldn\u2019t have children, likely due to her previous abortions. Meyers provides<\/a> more details, writing that \u201cMartha later told an English friend that her loathing of Hemingway was so great that she aborted their child without even telling him she was pregnant. \u2018There\u2019s no need to have a child when you can buy one,\u2019 she boasted, referring to the Italian boy she had adopted after the war. \u2018That\u2019s what I did.\u2019 Apart from her dislike of Hemingway and her awareness that their marriage was breaking up, Martha may have feared childbirth and certainly wanted to keep her youthful figure and pursue her career without the burden of an infant.\u201d<\/p>\n

But while Hemingway has been praised\u2014then and now\u2014for the sensitivity he displays in portraying the pressure the young woman in Hills Like White Elephants<\/em> was under to subject herself to an abortion, one of the cruelest things he ever wrote, published posthumously, covered the same subject. One of Hemingway\u2019s acquaintances was the American poet and critic, Dorothy Parker. In 1922, Parker became pregnant by the playwright Charlie MacArthur. When she discovered he was unfaithful, Parker opted for an abortion at one-and-a-half trimesters, and the doctor ensured that she saw the aborted baby. The sight of the child\u2019s tiny hands crushed Parker, and she reportedly obsessed over what she\u2019d seen, telling anyone who would listen. Shortly thereafter, she attempted suicide for the first time….<\/p>\n

Read entire post at The Bridgehead<\/a><\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

Editor’s Note: This article was published at The Bridgehead<\/a> and is reprinted here with permission.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cLike\u201d Live Action News on Facebook<\/a> for more pro-life news and commentary!<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(The Bridgehead) Few novelists have had their [lives] examined like Ernest Hemingway, but the most celebrated writer since Mark Twain finally got the Ken Burns treatment on PBS last month. The three-part series covers the now-familiar story without much additional detail; his childhood in Oak Park, Illinois; his service with the Red Cross in Italy […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":328,"featured_media":246271,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false},"categories":[15,7077,3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe aborted children of Ernest Hemingway<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ernest Hemingway wrote about abortion, but biographers can't seem to agree on whether any of his wives and lovers aborted his children.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/aborted-children-ernest-hemingway\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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