{"id":23755,"date":"2012-11-26T12:33:20","date_gmt":"2012-11-26T17:33:20","guid":{"rendered":"\/news\/?p=23755"},"modified":"2012-11-29T11:59:45","modified_gmt":"2012-11-29T16:59:45","slug":"a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/","title":{"rendered":"A simple argument against abortion that even liberals can understand"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><p><em>An almost painfully simple argument (just three parts, and three extra bits if you want them) showing unequivocally that abortion is equivalent to murder.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright  wp-image-20761\" style=\"margin: 15px;\" src=\"\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/human-fetus-lights.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" \/>Note: I\u2019ve revised this article several times to strengthen it against new objections and criticisms. You may find quotes in the comments, or elsewhere on the web, that don\u2019t match up with what is now written. Lo siento.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1) It is wrong to kill another human being for personal reasons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">2) A human zygote or fetus is a human being.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">3) Therefore, it is wrong to kill a human zygote or fetus for personal reasons.<\/p>\n<p>If [3] is a sound conclusion, then we can also strengthen the argument as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">4) It is especially wrong to kill a human being (Harry) to the degree that [i] Harry is innocent, [ii] Harry is defenseless, [iii] Harry has more to lose, [iv] the killing is premeditated, and [v] the killing is enabled by someone who is under a special duty to protect Harry.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">5) A human zygote or fetus is [i] as innocent and [ii] as defenseless as a human being can be, a human zygote or fetus has [iii] the most to lose in terms of the life it could still live, [iv] abortion is always premeditated, and [v] abortion is enabled by the mother, who has a special duty to protect her child at any early stage of development.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">6) Therefore, it is especially wrong, to the greatest degree possible, to kill Harry if he is a human zygote or fetus.<\/p>\n<p>Obviously [5] would have to be built out for a complete and full defense, but I think it is pretty clear and unobjectionable as it stands.<\/p>\n<p>You\u2019ll notice the question of whether Harry is a\u00a0<em>person<\/em>\u00a0is irrelevant to the argument. Indeed, if he is\u00a0<em>not<\/em> a person, then killing him is even\u00a0<em>worse<\/em>, as per objection #4 below.<\/p>\n<p>You\u2019ll also notice that the argument\u2019s premises are\u00a0<em>very<\/em>\u00a0modest. They don\u2019t require you to believe in God, or even in objective moral laws &#8211; only that you have basic intuitions about murder, innocence, and familial duties which all people seem to share.<\/p>\n<p>But you will object\u2026<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#1\">\u201cA human zygote or fetus is not a human being after all.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#2\">\u201cA blastocyst can twin, therefore it is not the same organism as the human being in its later stages of development.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#3\">\u201cIt may be wrong to kill a more developed human being, but it\u2019s not wrong to kill a zygote or a fetus.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#4\">\u201cThe relevant distinction between myself now and myself as a zygote\/fetus is that I am now a person, whereas I wasn\u2019t back then.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#5\">\u201cForty percent of zygotes\/fetuses spontaneously abort, so it can\u2019t be wrong to abort them.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#6\">\u201cThe woman\u2019s right to choose what to do with her body trumps any other considerations.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#7\">\u201cThe zygote\/fetus isn\u2019t properly alive because it can\u2019t survive independently; therefore you cannot properly kill it.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#8\">\u201cBut, but&#8230;<em>rape,<\/em>\u00a0and&#8230;and <em>incest!<\/em>&#8220;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#9\">\u201cSelf-defense is a personal reason to kill someone, and\u00a0<em>that<\/em>\u00a0isn\u2019t wrong.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/#10\">\u201cExperiences are what make us human, or at least what constitute human life, so Harry isn\u2019t really human, or perhaps isn\u2019t alive, or at least his life has less value than his mother\u2019s.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>1. \u201cA human zygote or fetus is not a human being after all.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>But how can this be true? To call something a human being is to say that it\u2019s an organism of the species <em>homo sapiens<\/em>.\u00a0I, for example, am a human being, because I am an organism of the species\u00a0<em>homo sapiens<\/em>. But obviously I have\u00a0<em>always been<\/em>\u00a0an organism of the species\u00a0<em>homo sapiens<\/em>, regardless of my stage of development. And that stage of development included being a zygote and a fetus.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/dreamstime_xs_19503756.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-12854\" style=\"margin: 15px;\" src=\"\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/dreamstime_xs_19503756-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/dreamstime_xs_19503756-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/dreamstime_xs_19503756.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>If you want to deny that, you\u2019ll have to show that I\u00a0<em>never was<\/em>\u00a0a zygote or fetus &#8211; perhaps that I was created spontaneously\u00a0<em>out of<\/em>\u00a0a fetus, which was a\u00a0<em>different<\/em>\u00a0organism from me. But that\u2019s obviously biologically mistaken &#8211; so this objection is a failure.<\/p>\n<p>This is also why the popular\u00a0<strong>butterfly objection<\/strong>\u00a0fails (i.e., if I\u2019m right, then killing a caterpillar is identical to killing a butterfly). The analogy breaks down exactly where it needs to hold up. A caterpillar is literally liquefied and destroyed, and then a new organism, the butterfly, takes its place out of the same material and genetic code. Obviously nothing like this happens for a zygote or fetus &#8211; these are not destroyed and then replaced by a baby.<\/p>\n<p>The related\u00a0<strong>frog objection &#8211; <\/strong>\u201cwell, then, killing a tadpole is identical to killing a frog\u201d &#8211; fails for a different reason: equivocation. The term\u00a0<em>frog<\/em>\u00a0is being used to describe both the organism <em>and<\/em>\u00a0its adult stage of development &#8211; and the objection trades on this confusion. But killing a baby is similarly not identical to killing an adult, yet both\u00a0<em>are<\/em>\u00a0identical to killing a human being.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. \u201cA blastocyst can twin, therefore it is not the same organism as the human being in its later stages of development.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>But what relevance does the\u00a0<em>possibility<\/em>\u00a0of twinning have to whether I am the same organism as that blastocyst was? Even assuming that twinning involves the creation of a new organism (which is unclear, philosophically), I\u00a0<em>did not<\/em>\u00a0twin. Now, if you observe an amoeba for two hours and it doesn\u2019t split in two, would you then conclude that the amoeba is a different organism from before, just because it\u00a0<em>could<\/em>\u00a0have split?<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. \u201cIt may be wrong to kill a more developed human being, but it\u2019s not wrong to kill a zygote or a fetus.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This objection runs aground pretty quickly on premise [4], which seems to have a great deal of intuitive strength. And it\u2019s obvious you can\u2019t make a special exception for zygotes\/fetuses, because\u00a0<em>I<\/em>\u00a0was once those things (as were you). If it is wrong to kill me or you\u00a0<em>now<\/em>, then it was\u00a0<em>at least as wrong<\/em>\u00a0to kill us then, because\u00a0<em>the victims are the same.\u00a0<\/em>Unless you can come up with a relevant distinction between yourself as a victim of murder today, and yourself as a victim of murder at your earliest stages of development, there is just no reason to think it would have been morally permissible to kill you then but not to kill you now.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. \u201cThe relevant distinction between myself now and myself as a zygote\/fetus is that I am now a person, whereas I wasn\u2019t back then.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>But this isn\u2019t a\u00a0<em>relevant<\/em>\u00a0distinction. Indeed, if you really\u00a0<em>weren\u2019t<\/em>\u00a0a person when you were a zygote and fetus, then premise [4-iii] is\u00a0<em>strengthened<\/em>, and the objection refutes itself &#8211; because killing you would have deprived you not only of the life you have lived, but also of the ability to develop into the person you now are.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. \u201cForty percent of zygotes\/fetuses spontaneously abort, so it can\u2019t be wrong to abort them.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Even if this figure it accurate, 100% of human beings die, so by this logic it can\u2019t be wrong to kill them. It baffles me that anyone would raise this as a serious objection, yet I\u2019ve seen it many times.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6. \u201cThe woman\u2019s right to choose what to do with her body trumps any other considerations.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This feminist knee-jerk is completely unresponsive to my argument. Notice: I explicitly call out this kind of thinking by stipulating that it is wrong to kill a human being\u00a0<em>for personal reasons<\/em>. That covers reasons of personal bodily autonomy. Therefore, if you\u2019re raising this objection, I assume that you\u2019re simply<em> asserting<\/em>\u00a0it against my conclusion. If so, you\u2019re\u00a0<em>conceding<\/em>\u00a0my conclusion, and agreeing that killing Harry-the-zygote-or-fetus is wrong. Since you presumably wouldn\u2019t say a woman\u2019s bodily autonomy gives her the right to kill (or enable another to kill) Harry in any\u00a0<em>other<\/em>\u00a0circumstances, you need to explain just what gives her that right in\u00a0<em>this<\/em>\u00a0circumstance.<\/p>\n<p>You might claim that what gives her that right here is that Harry is\u00a0<strong>part of her body<\/strong>.\u00a0But this is obviously wrong, since Harry is a\u00a0<em>different<\/em>\u00a0human being from her. He has different DNA and his own organs. Plus it seems embarrassing to claim that 50% of pregnant women have penises.<\/p>\n<p>You might claim that what gives her the right here is\u00a0<strong>self-defense<\/strong>.\u00a0I think this is actually a bit different from the right to bodily autonomy, but more importantly it misconstrues what I mean by \u201cpersonal reasons\u201d to kill someone. Self-defense is not a personal reason, but a civil one. Moreover, even if it\u00a0<em>were<\/em> a personal reason, it would be an exception that you must show applies\u00a0<em>here<\/em>. Unless the woman\u2019s life is genuinely in peril from Harry &#8211; in which case, see objection #9 &#8211; self-defense is obviously off the table.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_17540\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/489575747_b6ff1e61bd_m.jpg\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17540\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17540\" src=\"\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/489575747_b6ff1e61bd_m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"192\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-17540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Be there to speak up. Photo credit: katie.kap on Flickr<\/p><\/div>\n<p>You might claim instead that what gives her that right here is that Harry is<strong>\u00a0imposing on her body &#8211; <\/strong>\u00e0 la Judith Jarvis Thompson\u2019s violinist analogy. But even if the woman\u2019s actions towards the violinist are permissible (which I think is much less clear than people suggest), the analogy fails at two crucial points. Firstly, it hardly seems permissible for the woman to kill the violinist by putting him into a blender &#8211; the equivalent of most abortions &#8211; or leaving him to die if he still had a chance to live on his own after all &#8211; the equivalent of partial-birth abortion. Secondly, and more importantly, her relationship to Harry is not of one adult stranger to another adult stranger, but of a mother to her child. This is conveniently glossed over &#8211; indeed, obfuscated &#8211; by the language often used in this debate (\u201cwoman,\u201d \u201cfetus,\u201d etc). Obviously the maternal relationship carries with it the duty to protect and care for the child, and this duty overrides autonomy. For example, we wouldn\u2019t think a mother was justified in killing her infant just because she doesn\u2019t wish to have to get up several times in the night to feed it. Neither would we think highly of a mother who refused to donate a kidney to her child, knowing it would lead to the child\u2019s death. And so on.<\/p>\n<p><strong>7. \u201cThe zygote\/fetus isn\u2019t properly alive because it can\u2019t survive independently; therefore you cannot properly kill it.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This is admittedly the most bizarre objection I\u2019ve come across to date, and one that\u2019s obviously just balderdash. As a matter of definition, there isn\u2019t a creature in existence that can survive independently of the environment it depends on for life. So why should we think that the womb is a unique kind of environment in this regard? Or, if the objection is that Harry can\u2019t survive independently of the physical systems of another\u00a0<em>organism<\/em>\u00a0(his mother), then why think this is relevantly different from people who can\u2019t survive independently of the life support systems in a hospital? It\u2019s also hard to find a principled way to exclude infants, toddlers, small children, and the infirm from this logic, because they also rely physically on other organisms for their survival. Why should a physical\u00a0<em>connection<\/em>\u00a0be relevant to distinguishing whether they are properly alive? But once you realize the logic extends this far, it obviously extends to every organism possible, since every organism survives by physically eating other organisms.<\/p>\n<p><strong>8. \u201cBut, but&#8230;<em>rape,<\/em>\u00a0and&#8230;and <em>incest!<\/em>&#8220;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While these are obviously awful things to happen to someone, I don\u2019t see the connection between Harry being conceived in such situations and there being a moral loophole to kill Harry. If my argument succeeds, then it succeeds\u00a0<em>regardless<\/em>\u00a0of the circumstances in which Harry is conceived, and regardless of how the mother feels.<\/p>\n<p>This is obvious simply because I\u2019ve shown that there\u2019s no relevant difference between killing Harry as a zygote\/fetus and killing him as baby, toddler, child, teenager, or adult. And since it would be wrong for a mother to kill Harry at any of\u00a0<em>those<\/em>\u00a0stages of development &#8211; even if he was a constant reminder of a very traumatic event, or even if she hadn\u2019t wanted him &#8211; it is also wrong for her to kill him before he is born.<\/p>\n<p>Now, at the risk of giving the impression that I\u2019m diminishing the hardship of rape or incest &#8211; which I am not &#8211; I also think this is a very\u00a0<em>odd<\/em>\u00a0argument for liberals to make. It seems to treat women in exactly the way liberals despise: as delicate flowers who must be protected or accommodated because they can\u2019t deal with the harsh realities of life. One is tempted to think that, in a similar situation, a man would be expected to buckle down and get through it despite the emotional cost. He wouldn\u2019t be excused for killing his child due to emotional trauma. So why do the very people who believe that women are just as strong as men then turn around and treat them as weaker? Puzzling.<\/p>\n<p><strong>9. \u201cSelf-defense is a personal reason to kill someone, and\u00a0<em>that<\/em>\u00a0isn\u2019t wrong.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I consider self-defense not a personal reason, but rather a civil one, because it involves a duty to oneself or others to prevent injustice. The same applies to capital punishment.<\/p>\n<p>But let\u2019s say this objection goes through anyway. This would suggest that abortion is permissible in cases where the mother\u2019s life is genuinely in peril from the pregnancy (assuming Harry can\u2019t survive outside the body). Yet this seems like an uncontroversial exception, since it is\u00a0<em>impossible<\/em>\u00a0to save Harry\u2019s life here in any case, and it would be a greater wrong to let both him and his mother die. What this objection does\u00a0<em>not<\/em>\u00a0show is that, because it is permissible to kill Harry in self-defense, it is therefore permissible to kill him for any\u00a0<em>other<\/em>\u00a0reason. And so it fails to refute my argument.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14828\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/abortionist.jpg\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14828\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14828\" src=\"\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/abortionist-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/abortionist-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/abortionist.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14828\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Does any human deserve to be ripped apart?<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>10. \u201cExperiences are what make us human, or at least what constitute human life, so Harry isn\u2019t really human, or perhaps isn\u2019t alive, or at least his life has less value than his mother\u2019s.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This objection is so incomprehensible to me that I\u2019m honestly not sure I can recreate it in my own words\u2014so here\u2019s how one pro-abortion advocate put it to me:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>I believe that experiences make up life. Touch, sound, sight, taste, the sun hitting one\u2019s face, making memories with another person, etc. A fetus has had none of those things\u2026it is being removed before it has a chance to have any experiences that would make qualify as \u201clife.\u201d We put SO much significance on this fetus that we ignore the rights and well being of a fully formed, functioning woman who has already breached the canal and had the experiences that make her \u201chuman\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Now, obviously it\u2019s mad to think that someone is \u201cless human,\u201d or perhaps even\u00a0<em>not alive<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>not human at all<\/em>, just because he or she has had minimal experiences. Either you are human or you are not. Either you are alive or you are not. I already dealt with this under objections #1 &amp; #7. But what about the idea that maybe Harry\u2019s life is less valuable, or he has less of a right to life, because he hasn\u2019t had the quantity or diversity of experiences his mother has had?<\/p>\n<p>Well\u00a0<em>clearly<\/em>\u00a0that\u2019s wonky too, because nearly\u00a0<em>all<\/em>\u00a0young humans &#8211; babies, children, teenagers, and even younger adults &#8211; have fewer and less diverse experiences than older adults. Therefore, if this objection succeeds, all these people should have less valuable lives, or less of a right to life, than those older adults. Yet I doubt that many people will agree with this notion, since it\u2019s plainly mental. We especially don\u2019t believe this about babies and children; most of us, if push comes to shove, have a\u00a0<em>very strong<\/em>\u00a0intuition that not only does a child have just as much right to life as an adult does, but its right\u00a0<em>trumps<\/em>\u00a0the adult\u2019s. For example, we think an adult ought to give up her life to save a child if only one of them can live, such as when having to deal with a lifeboat shortage on the <em>Titanic<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>This really comes back to premise [4-iii]. This objection is completely unresponsive to that premise. So if the premise is sound &#8211; and it seems very hard to find something wrong with it &#8211; then the objection is stillborn.<\/p>\n<p>Got any other objections? Feel free to share them in the comments.<\/p>\n<p><em>Editor&#8217;s Note: This article was first published November 21, 2012 at <a href=\"http:\/\/bnonn.thinkingmatters.org.nz\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/\">Developing the Mind of Christ<\/a>\u00a0and is reprinted with permission.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An almost painfully simple argument (just three parts, and three extra bits if you want them) showing unequivocally that abortion is equivalent to murder.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":323,"featured_media":12854,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A simple argument against abortion that even liberals can understand - Live Action News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.liveaction.org\/news\/a-simple-argument-against-abortion-that-even-liberals-can-understand\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A simple argument against abortion that even liberals can understand - 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